Other techniques, including chemical enhancers (Pham et al., 2016 Liu et al., 2017), thermal ablation (Sawyer et al., 2009 Lee et al., 2011), electroporation (Wong, 2014), iontophoresis (Charoenputtakun et al., 2015), sonophoresis (Park et al., 2014 Zorec et al., 2015), have been developed to increase the permeability of the SC layer. Despite its extensive use, this technique has disadvantages, including accidental needle-sticks, risks of infection, bleeding, pain, and needle phobia (Indermun et al., 2014 Park et al., 2016 Raphael et al., 2016 Vinayakumar et al., 2016). Subcutaneous injection has been used to deliver the macromolecular drugs across the skin.
Sakura nova adult patch skin#
Numerous conventional transdermal techniques have been reported to alter the skin barrier to enhance the permeability of macromolecular drugs across the skin.
Only small molecular drugs (<400 Da) can generally cross the skin at therapeutic rates while the dose of these drugs that permeate through the skin is relatively low (Li et al., 2017b). The stratum corneum (SC) of the skin is a protective barrier, which prevents most drugs or therapeutic agents to enter deeper skin layers, particularly high molecular weight molecules (Tuan-Mahmood et al., 2013 Lee et al., 2017). This is attributed to the skin’s excellent barrier function (Liu et al., 2016 Ono et al., 2017 Zhu et al., 2017). Moreover, the molecular weights of the drugs used thus far are below 400 Da (Ma and Wu, 2017). However, to this-date, only approximately 20 transdermal drugs have been approved by the FDA for TTP (Kim et al., 2018).
Sakura nova adult patch Patch#
TTP usually contains a drug reservoir, which can store a large dose of drugs, thereby guaranteeing continuous drug release and long-term maintenance of relatively constant plasma concentration with the same patch (Larrañeta et al., 2016). Traditional transdermal patches (TTP) have been applied in the medical treatment for patients owing to the simplicity of self-administration, painless response, improved patient compliance, and ease of disposal (Alexander et al., 2012 Gratieri et al., 2013). The TDDS has many advantages for patients, including its noninvasive and convenient nature, the avoidance of first-pass metabolism and the prevention of gastrointestinal degradation (Herwadkar and Banga, 2012 Larrañeta et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2017c). The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) describes the system that releases a drug from a specially designed device that diffuses through various layers of skin and into the systemic circulation to exert its therapeutic effects (Prausnitz and Langer, 2008 Han and Das, 2015 Ma and Wu, 2017). TMAP possesses excellent transdermal drug delivery capabilities. Twenty IU-insulin-loaded TMAP maintained the type 1 diabetic rats in a normoglycemic state for approximately 11.63 h, the longest therapeutic duration among all previously reported results on microneedle-based transdermal patches. A ‘closed-loop’ permeation control was also provided for on-demand insulin delivery based on feedback of blood glucose levels (BGLs). Comparison of subcutaneous injection, TTP, solid MA, and dissolvable MA, indicated that insulin-loaded TMAP exhibited the best hypoglycemic effect on type 1 diabetic rats.
TMAP can easily penetrate the skin and automatically retract from it to create microchannels through the stratum corneum (SC) layer using touch-actuated ‘press and release’ actions for passive permeation of liquid drugs. High doses of liquid drug formulations, especially heat-sensitive compounds can be easily filled and stored in the drug reservoir of TMAPs. TMAP is a combination of a typical TTP and a solid microneedle array (MA). A novel touch-actuated microneedle array patch (TMAP) was developed for transdermal delivery of liquid macromolecular drugs. To date, only approximately 20 drugs synthesized with small molecules have been approved by the FDA for use in traditional transdermal patches (TTP) owing to the extremely low permeation rate of the skin barrier for macromolecular drugs.
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